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August 30, 2024
Linking Legacies to Wai
Accounting for lag times and natural concentrations of contaminants in groundwater
The Duke of Edinburgh (third from left) observes border dyke irrigation at the Winchmore Research Station Irrigation Scheme, 23 January 1954. Image published with permission of Archives New Zealand, Alexander Turnbull Library 1/2-04226F (AAQT 6538/1)
Project Details Ngā taipitopito
Project Status:
CompletedChallenge funding:
$415,000Research duration:
January 2022 – March 2023Collaborators Ngā haumi
AgResearch | Aqualinc | DairyNZ | Environment Canterbury | Lincoln University | Ministry for the Environment
What are we doing?E aha ana mātou?
The decisions farmers make today on land can take many years to be reflected in the health of water in our rivers and groundwater. In the past, this ‘lag time’ contributed to a lack of understanding of the intrinsic connection between wai and whenua.
This research will demonstrate the effects of agriculture on our freshwater over the past 170 years and will predict how quickly future land-use decisions will restore the health of degraded water. The project aims to use this knowledge to grow understanding among land stewards of the connection between whenua and wai.
This project will have a focus on groundwater. It will find out how long it takes for changes in land use or intensity to be reflected in nitrate concentrations in groundwater.
How can the research be used? Ka pēhea e whai take ai te rangahau?
- The lag time between land-use changes (largely intensification) and the increase in the load of nitrate in streams and rivers has been quantified as 4.5 years on average for 77 catchments that capture about 50% of Aotearoa’s agricultural activity.
- A key finding of this research was that without human activity such as farming, nitrate concentrations in groundwater in Aotearoa would likely be around 1.65mg/L. This has given MfE and StatsNZ justifiable reference conditions for nitrate concentrations in groundwater, and advice that the appropriate national-scale threshold ought to be 1.65 mg/L. This finding is also important for considering a nitrogen bottom-line for rivers, because most baseflow in rivers is fed by groundwater.
- This research will help set realistic timeframes to decrease nitrate concentrations in groundwater, and streams and rivers. If nitrate is not decreasing quickly enough, Councils will have evidence to take further action.
Participation & engagement Te hunga i whai wāhi mai
- Māori, government (central and local) and peak industry bodies were asked to prioritise land uses, land practices and past and future years to be examined.
- DairyNZ’s environmental science team revisited dairy farms in five catchments to assess whether on-farm actions have helped improve water quality over time. The five catchments – Waiokura (South Taranaki), Toenepi (Waikato), Waikakahi (Canterbury), Bog Burn (Southland) and Inchbonnie (West Coast) – are dairy-dominated and were part of the 2001-2010 Best Practice Dairy Catchments project, which monitored water quality and environmental work on-farm.
Research team Te hunga i whai wāhi mai
Science Lead
Richard McDowell
AgResearch
John Bright
Aqualinc
Alasdair Noble
AgResearch
Kohji Muraoka
Ministry for the Enironment
Ognjen Mojsilovic
ECan
Tools & resources Ngā utauta me ngā rauemi
Journal Article
A risk index tool to minimize the risk of nitrogen loss from land to water
Simple models can help reduce nitrogen (N) loss from land and protect water quality. However, the complexity of primary production systems may impair the accuracy…
Summary
Online Tools Show Where Land-Use Change Needs to be Considered
We now know where land use needs to change, to meet New Zealand policy expectations for water quality. This article was prepared as an impact…
Video
Our Land and Water Podcast Series
Our Land and Water introduces insights from eight years of science in this podcast series. In each episode you will hear from the scientists and…
Video
Our Land and Water Podcast Episode 1: How bad is our water quality, really?
For the past eight years, Our Land and Water has funded research with the goal of improving the health of our rivers and lakes here…
Guidance
Management Practices to Improve Water Quality (learning module)
This kōwae (learning module) will help you support farmers in creating cost-effective freshwater environment plans using science from Our Land and Water. You will learn:…
Journal Article
Determining the likelihood and cost of detecting reductions of nitrate‑nitrogen concentrations in groundwater across New Zealand
Nitrate‑nitrogen (NO3-N) is a contaminant of concern in groundwater worldwide. Stakeholders need information on the ability to detect changes in NO3-N concentrations to prove that land management…
Academic outputs He whakaputanga ngaio
Journal Article
Linking the uptake of best management practices on dairy farms to catchment water quality improvement over a 20-year period
Intensive land use, such as dairying, can impair water quality. Although many guidelines exist on how to mitigate the loss of dairy-associated contaminants from land…
Journal Article
Reference conditions and threshold values for nitrate-nitrogen in New Zealand groundwaters
Management of groundwater quality is assisted by an understanding of reference conditions, which describe the concentration ranges expected for key substances in the absence of…
Journal Article
The longevity of cultivation in decreasing the potential for phosphorus loss in runoff
Phosphorus (P) loss from highly fertilised grazed pastures can impair surface water quality. High P concentrations in grazed pastures are maintained to boost legume production,…
Journal Article
Phosphorus and iron-oxide transport from a hydrologically isolated grassland hillslope
Losses of N, P and Fe in drainage responded differently to waterlogging. Moderate nitrate concentration prevented Fe–P dissolution and loss in drainage. Low nitrate concentrations…
Journal Article
Sediment and water-column phosphorus chemistry in streams at baseflow across varying catchment geologies
Streams can attenuate inputs of phosphorus (P) and therefore dampen the likelihood of ecosystem eutrophication. This P attenuation derives from many processes and remains poorly…
Journal Article
Reflecting on the journey of environmental farm planning in NZ
Environmental farm planning in New Zealand dates to the 1950s when soil conversation plans were first undertaken. Since then the extent and complexity of whole…
In the media Mai i te ao pāpaho
Morning Report, RNZ, 21 September 2021, 06:24am
Interest, 4 June 2022
Irrigation NZ News, Autumn 2022 (p44-45)
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